Introduction
Tourism is an acitivity which has
growing rapidly in recent years. United Nations defines tourism or travel as the
displacement of persons between different geographic locations, for any type of
purpose and for less than a year. Tourism can happen within a country or region
or involve more than one country (www.un.org). Evidently, tourism has an economic
impact that can generate revenue for State and society.
Indonesia is one of the countries which makes tourism as a source of revenue. In 2013, tourism gained 347 trillion rupiah for State revenue. It was equal with 23 percent of total State revenue in 2013 (www.unsil.ac.id, 2015). It indicates that tourism is an important sector in producing state revenue. Tourism in Indonesia is affected by the economic growth. The people’s income is increased, so that they could spend their money for leisure acitivites, such as tourism. Tourism emerges as a new lifestyle for Indonesian people.
Tourism
activity needs support facilities, that is accommodation. Tourist needs hotel
as a place to relax. Based on tourism growth, Indonesia needs more hotels to
support tourism activity. Survey conducted by HVS China & Southeast Asia in
2012 showed that tourism trip in Indonesia would become 400 millions in 2023.
To adapt with that number of trips, Indonesia needs 800 more hotels to be
developed (id.voi.co.id, 2013). As a 2012 data, Indonesia is already has 15.283
hotels (Ministry of Finance, 2012). In the next years, more hotels will be
developed to support tourism activity.
Besides its positive contribution to support tourism activity, hotel development also has negative impacts for the environment and the society. Hotel develoment could reduce land carrying capacity. Hotel development problem can be seen in two cities in Indonesia, those are: Yogyakarta and Denpasar. Yogyakarta is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta Province (Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta/DIY Province) and Denpasar is the capital city of Bali Province.
Both Yogyakarta and Denpasar are two main tourism destinations in Indonesia. According to Consumer Purchasing Priorities survey conducted by MasterCard (beritasatu.com, 2013), Denpasar occupies the first rank as favorite tourism spot, whereas Yogyakarta occupies the third rank. The two cities rely their revenues from tourism sector, but tourism is also evoke some problems. From this paper, I would like to present hotel development problems, both in Yogyakarta and Denpasar.
Positive
Effects of Hotel Development In Yogyakarta and Denpasar
Tourism gains siginificant revenues
to Yogyakarta and Denpasar. Yogyakarta has 401 hotels (Statistic Board of DIY Province,
2013). Meanwhile, as 2012 data, Denpasar has 225 hotels (Statistic Board
of Denpasar City, 2012). In Yogyakarta, tax from hotels and restaurants was as
much as 72 billion rupiah (Tourism Department of DIY Province, 2012). It
contributed 21 percent of total Local Own-source Revenue of Yogyakarta City in
2012. In Denpasar, by 2010, hotel tax was 82 billion rupiah (Denpasar City
Government, 2010). It is equal with 32 percent of total Local Own-source
Revvenue of Denpasar City. It indicates that tourism, especially in hotel
development, becomes the major contributor for the two city revenues.
Negative
Effects of Hotel Development in Yogyakarta and Denpasar
Besides its positive effect for
economy, hotel development also incurs negative impacts. Both at Yogyakarta and
Denpasar, hotel development reduces green openspace area. Green openspace is
useful for water catchment area. In Yogyakarta, people creates a social
movement to protest the excessive hotel development (print.kompas.com,
2015). The people are anxious because hotel development clears away their
settlement. The people’s wells are dried because the hotels pull out
groundwater for their customers. Here are some evidences about hotel development that seizes public space in Yogyakarta:
A new hotel developed in the middle of people's settlement
koranyogya.com
Public protest against excessive hotel development
jogja.tribunnews.com
The same condition is also happened in Denpasar. Researcher from Udayana University, N. Sunarta said that hotel development in Denpasar causes flood and reduces water catchment area (www.republika.co.id, 2010). Green openspace in Denpasar in Denpasar continues to shrink from year to year. Even in 2013, there was reduction of green openspace of 100 hectare (fajarbali.co.id, 2013). The green openspace is converted to settlement and hotel areas. Hotel development in Denpasar leads to the reduction of groundwater. The native people have to scramble with the hotels to get groundwater as their daily needs. Here are some evidences about flood disaster caused by the reduction of green openspace area:
A little rain can causing flood in Denpasar
balimotorider.com
Local
Governments’ Effort to Deal with Hotel Development Problems in Yogyakarta and
Denpasar
To deal with hotel development
problems in Yogyakarta and Denpasar, The Local Governments have conduct hotel
moratorium policies to stop hotel establishment. In Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta City
Government has launched Mayor Regulation Number 77 Year 2013 on Hotel
Development Control. Local Government realized that they only have small area,
and hotel development should be restricted. That moratorium policy is enacted
from January 1, 2014 until December 31, 2016. In Denpasar, moratorium policy is
embodied in Bali Province Letter Number 570/1665/BPM on Moratorium of
Investment Registration for Tourism Accomodation Service. Bali Province
Government evaluates that hotel development in Denpasar is over supplied. That
policy is enacted from January 5, 2011 until detail study about accomodation need
appears.
How
is the Implementations?
Local Government policies to
restrain hotel development in Yogyakarta and Denpasar are appropriate to
overcome the problems. But, how about the implementations? Are the two Cities
implement their polcy properly? I found that hotel moratorium policy implementations
in Yogyakarta and Denpasar are inappropariate. We should look first to
Yogyakarta. Despite the hotel moratorium policy has enacted, there remains
several hotels which will be developed in Yogyakarta City. Deddy Pranowo as Head
of Tourism Promotion Board of Yogyakarta City stated that there are new twenty
hotels that will be developed in 2014-2015 2013 (jogjanews.com, 2013).. The
period of 2014-2015 is the period of hotel moratorium policy enactment. I can
conclude that the hotel moratorium policy in Yogyakarta is not implemented
sincerely.
What about Denpasar? Even though hotel moratorium policy has been implemented since January 5, 2011, there are still some hotel developed in Denpasar. I found that at least three hotels are established in the period of moratorium as the data below:
Table
1 Some New Hotels Developed in Denpasar City During the Hotel Moratorium Period
No.
|
Hotel
Name
|
Start
to Build
|
1.
|
Grand
Whiz Hotel
|
July
2012
|
2.
|
Harris
Hotel
|
December
2012
|
3.
|
Pop!
Hotel
|
From the above table, we could see that hotel moratorium policy in Denpasar is not effective. During the moratorium period, there are three new hotels developed. Moreover, Harris Hotel and Pop! Hotel are built near Denpasar City Government office. Member of Local Legislative Assembly of Denpasar City said that Denpasar City does not yet has Local Regulation on Land Use. As the effect, hotel can be developed everywhere in Denpasar City (www.balipost.co.id, 2012). I can also conclude that Denpasar City Government is not serious to inspect any hotel development during the moratorium period.
Conclusion
Tourism sector is a significant
contributor for local revenues in Yogyakarta and Denpasar. Tourism activities
in both Cities are supported by hotels as accomodation facility. Nevertheless,
Yogyakarta and Denpasar have similar problem about excessive hotel development
that reduces green openspace and gorundwater. To overcome the problem, Local
Governments in Yogyakarta and Denpasar has conduct policy on hotel moratorium.
On the implementation, hotel moratorium policies in Yogyakarta and Denpasar are
not effective. Both in Yogyakarta and Denpasar, there are some hotels developed
during the moratorium periods.
My
Recommendation
1 1. Bali Province Government should call Denpasar City Government and conduct a coordination meeting, in order to
enforce Bali Province Letter Number 570/1665/BPM on Moratorium of Investment
Registration for Tourism Accomodation Service.
2 2. Yogyakarta
City Government should enforce Mayor Regulation Number 77 Year 2013 on Hotel
Development Control sincerely and reject all proposals on hotel development
from private parties.
3 3. Local Governments in the two Cities
should disseminate hotel moratorium policies extensively, so that investors
know about the policies.
Source:
Statistic Board of DIY Province.
2013. Page 12 - Direktori Hotel dan
Akomodasi Lain
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 2013.
http://yogyakarta.bps.go.id/flipbook/2013/Direktori%20Hotel%20dan%20Akomodasi%20Lain%20Daerah%20Istimewa%20Yogyakarta%202013/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page12.html.
beritasatu.com. 2013. Denpasar
Geser Bandung Sebagai Destinasi Wisata Terfavorit. Rabu, 14 Agustus 2013 http://www.beritasatu.com/destinasi/131481-denpasar-geser-bandung-sebagai-destinasi-wisata-terfavorit.html
Denpasar City Government, 2010. Laporan Realisasi Penerimaan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Denpasar Tahun
Anggaran 2010 dalam Bulan Desember. http://bankdata.denpasarkota.go.id/bankdata/PAD-DESEMBER_2010.pdf.
Fajarbali.co.id. 2013. Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Denpasar Terus Menyusut. Rabu, 06 Februari
2013. http://fajarbali.co.id/index.php/denpasar/470-ruang-terbuka-hijau-di-denpasar-terus-menyusut.html
id.voi.co.id. 2013. Memanfaatkan Momentum Pertumbuhan Investasi Perhotelan Di Indonesia.
1 Oktober 2013. http://id.voi.co.id/voi-komentar/4454-memanfaatkan-momentum-pertumbuhan-investasi-perhotelan-di-indonesia.
Jogjanews.com. 2013. Sudah Berizin, Pembangunan 20 Hotel Baru di Kota Jogja 2014-2015.
26 November 2013. http://jogjanews.com/sudah-berizin-pembangunan-20-hotel-baru-di-kota-jogja-2014-2015#sthash.HB4BfmE8.dpuf
Tourism Department of DIY Province. 2012. Statistik Kepariwisataan 2012. http://www.kotajogja.com/images/bukuSTATISTIK%20KEPARIWISATAAN_2013.pdf.
www.balipost.co.id.
2012. Denpasar Terbitkan Lima Izin Hotel
Baru. 14 Juni 2012. http://www.balipost.co.id/mediadetail.php?module=detailberita&kid=10&id=66438.
[03 Mei 2014]
www.investor.co.id.
2012. Pembangunan Hotel Harris dan Pop di
Denpasar Dimulai. 18 Desember 2012. http://www.investor.co.id/home/pembangunan-hotel-harris-dan-pop-di-denpasar-dimulai/51051.
www.print.kompas.com. 2015. Kesadaran Akan Dampak Negatif Pembangunan
Hotel Mulai Muncul. http://print.kompas.com/baca/2015/04/09/Kesadaran-Akan-Dampak-Negatif-Pembangunan-Hotel-Mu.
www.propertiindonesia.co.id. 2012. Grand Whiz Hotel akan Buka di Bali dan
Makassar. http://www.propertiindonesia.co.id/2012/07/grand-whiz-hotel-akan-buka-di-bali-dan-makassar/.
www.republika.co.id. 2010. Pembangunan Hotel Akibatkan Banjir di
Denpasar. 30 Juli 2010. http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/nusantara/10/07/30/127360-pembangunan-hotel-akibatkan-banjir-di-denpasar.
www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo/indicators/methodology_sheets/econ_development/tourism_contribution.pdf
www.unsil.ac.id. 2015. Seminar dan Diskusi Nasional: Peran Kebijakan dan Langkah Strategis
Pengembangan Industri Pariwisata Indonesia.
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